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OpenAI: geospatial agent results

Helps you choose the best OpenAI model for geospatial work: GIS and Earth observation agent tasks, vision and knowledge, with cost and time.

Overview

  • For intelligence, the top OpenAI models are GPT-6.1 Sol (medium) (86), GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh) (86) and GPT-6.1 Sol (high) (86) on the Geospatial Intelligence Index (Text only).
  • For cost, the cheapest per agent task are GPT-6 Luna (medium) ($0.0026), GPT-6 Luna (low) ($0.0032) and GPT-6 Luna (high) ($0.0040).
  • For speed, the fastest per agent task are GPT-6.1 Sol (medium) (0.4 min), GPT-6 Luna (medium) (0.4 min) and GPT-6 Luna (low) (0.5 min).
  • For context window, the largest are GPT-6.1 Sol: 1.1M tokens, GPT-6 Luna: 1.1M tokens and GPT-6 Sol: 1.1M tokens.
  • Still being benchmarked (provisional): GPT-5.6 Sol (medium) and GPT-6 Sol (medium).

Intelligence

Geospatial Intelligence Index, Text only · Higher is better

IntelligenceScores 0 to 100: GPT-6.1 Sol (medium): 86; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 86; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 86; GPT-6 Sol (high): 85; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 81; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 80; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 80; GPT-5.6 Luna (high): 79; GPT-6 Luna (high): 79; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 78; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium): 76; GPT-5.6 Luna (low): 71; GPT-6 Luna (medium): 69; GPT-6 Luna (low): 63; gpt-oss-120b (high): 52; gpt-oss-120b (low): 44; gpt-oss-20b (high): 220255075100GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)86GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)86GPT-6.1 Sol (high)86GPT-6 Sol (high)85GPT-5.6 Sol (high)81GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)80GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)80GPT-5.6 Luna (high)79GPT-6 Luna (high)79GPT-5.6 Terra (high)78GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)76GPT-5.6 Luna (low)71GPT-6 Luna (medium)69GPT-6 Luna (low)63gpt-oss-120b (high)52gpt-oss-120b (low)44gpt-oss-20b (high)22
Data table: Intelligence

Cost per task

USD per agent task · Lower is better

Cost per taskCost per task in US dollars: GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: $0.0026; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: $0.0032; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: $0.0040; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: $0.0046; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: $0.0058; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: $0.0070; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: $0.0094; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: $0.016; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: $0.017; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: $0.021; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: $0.026; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: $0.046; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: $0.059; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: $0.082; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: $0.085; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: $0.094; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: $0.10; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: $0.21; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: $0.26$0$0.10$0.20$0.30$0.40GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex$0.0026GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex$0.0032GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex$0.0040gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-2$0.0046GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex$0.0058GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex$0.0070GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex$0.0094GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex$0.016gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-2$0.017GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex$0.021gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-2$0.026GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex$0.046GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex$0.059GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex$0.082GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex$0.085gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex$0.094GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex$0.10GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex$0.21gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex$0.26
Data table: Cost per task

Time per task

Minutes per agent task · Lower is better

Time per taskTime per task: GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 0.4 min; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 0.4 min; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 0.5 min; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 0.5 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 0.5 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 0.5 min; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 0.7 min; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 1.0 min; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 1.4 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 1.4 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 1.7 min; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 3.0 min; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 4.8 min; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 6.0 min; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 7.2 min02468GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex0.4 minGPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex0.4 minGPT-6 Luna (low)Codex0.5 mingpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-20.5 minGPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex0.5 minGPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex0.5 minGPT-6 Luna (high)Codex0.7 minGPT-6 Sol (high)Codex0.8 minGPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex0.8 minGPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex0.8 minGPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex0.8 minGPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex1.0 minGPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex1.4 minGPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex1.4 minGPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex1.7 mingpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-23.0 mingpt-oss-20b (high)Codex4.8 mingpt-oss-120b (high)Codex6.0 mingpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-27.2 min
Data table: Time per task

Models

GPT-6.1 Sol

Closed weightsReads images

1.1M token context · Released 29 September 2026

$2.00 input · $10.00 output per 1M tokens

GPT-6 Sol

Closed weightsReads images

1.1M token context

$2.00 input · $10.00 output per 1M tokens

GPT-5.6 Sol

Closed weightsReads images

1.1M token context

$4.00 input · $20.00 output per 1M tokens

GPT-5.6 Luna

Closed weightsReads images

1.1M token context

$0.20 input · $1.20 output per 1M tokens

GPT-6 Luna

Closed weightsReads images

1.1M token context · Released 22 September 2026

$0.10 input · $0.50 output per 1M tokens

GPT-5.6 Terra

Closed weightsReads images

1.1M token context

$2.00 input · $12.00 output per 1M tokens

gpt-oss-120b

Open weightsText only

128K token context · Released 5 August 2025

$0.35 input · $0.75 output per 1M tokens

gpt-oss-20b

Open weightsText only

128K token context · Released 5 August 2025

$0.20 input · $0.30 output per 1M tokens

Intelligence

Text only

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only

Weighted average of agent tasks, guided workflows and geospatial knowledge, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text onlyScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 89; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium): 86; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 86; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 86; GPT-6 Sol (high): 85; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 81; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 80; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 80; GPT-5.6 Luna (high): 79; GPT-6 Luna (high): 79; DeepSeek V4 Pro (max): 79; Gemini 3.8 Flash (low): 79; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 78; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium): 76; GPT-5.6 Luna (low): 71; GPT-6 Luna (medium): 69; GPT-6 Luna (low): 63; gpt-oss-120b (high): 52; gpt-oss-120b (low): 44; gpt-oss-20b (high): 220255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)89GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)86GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)86GPT-6.1 Sol (high)86GPT-6 Sol (high)85GPT-5.6 Sol (high)81GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)80GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)80GPT-5.6 Luna (high)79GPT-6 Luna (high)79DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)79Gemini 3.8 Flash (low)79GPT-5.6 Terra (high)78GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)76GPT-5.6 Luna (low)71GPT-6 Luna (medium)69GPT-6 Luna (low)63gpt-oss-120b (high)52gpt-oss-120b (low)44gpt-oss-20b (high)22
How to read this chart

What this metric means. A weighted average of group scores, each 0 to 100: Agent tasks 4/6, Guided workflows 1/6, Geospatial knowledge 1/6.

Bars. Every OpenAI model with a result, highlighted, and the strongest models from other labs, faded, for context. Provisional: not yet ranked.

Data table: Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only
ModelDeveloperGeospatial Intelligence Index: Text only
Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic89
GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)OpenAI86
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI86
GPT-6.1 Sol (high)OpenAI86
GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI85
GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI81
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80
GPT-5.6 Luna (high)OpenAI79
GPT-6 Luna (high)OpenAI79
DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)DeepSeek79
Gemini 3.8 Flash (low)Google79
GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI78
GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)OpenAI76
GPT-5.6 Luna (low)OpenAI71
GPT-6 Luna (medium)OpenAI69
GPT-6 Luna (low)OpenAI63
gpt-oss-120b (high)OpenAI52
gpt-oss-120b (low)OpenAI44
gpt-oss-20b (high)OpenAI22

Text + vision

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision

Weighted average of agent tasks, vision, guided workflows and geospatial knowledge, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + visionScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 83; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 80; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 78; GPT-6 Sol (high): 78; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 76; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 73; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 72; GPT-5.6 Luna (high): 72; GPT-6 Luna (high): 72; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 72; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium): 69; GPT-5.6 Luna (low): 66; GPT-6 Luna (medium): 65; GPT-6 Luna (low): 560255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)83GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)80GPT-6.1 Sol (high)78GPT-6 Sol (high)78GPT-5.6 Sol (high)76GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)73GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)72GPT-5.6 Luna (high)72GPT-6 Luna (high)72GPT-5.6 Terra (high)72GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)69GPT-5.6 Luna (low)66GPT-6 Luna (medium)65GPT-6 Luna (low)56
How to read this chart

What this metric means. A weighted average of group scores, each 0 to 100: Agent tasks 4/8, Vision 2/8, Guided workflows 1/8, Geospatial knowledge 1/8.

Bars. Every OpenAI model with a result, highlighted, and the strongest models from other labs, faded, for context. Provisional: not yet ranked.

Data table: Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision
ModelDeveloperGeospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision
Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic83
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI80
GPT-6.1 Sol (high)OpenAI78
GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI78
GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI76
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI73
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72
GPT-5.6 Luna (high)OpenAI72
GPT-6 Luna (high)OpenAI72
GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI72
GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)OpenAI69
GPT-5.6 Luna (low)OpenAI66
GPT-6 Luna (medium)OpenAI65
GPT-6 Luna (low)OpenAI56

Provisional, so not on these charts: GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), GPT-6 Sol (medium). Their finished evaluations are in the charts below.

Agent tasks

Text only

Geospatial Agent Index: Text only

Equal average of Earth-Bench V2, GeoBenchX and GS-QA2, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Agent Index: Text onlyScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 85; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 82; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 82; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 80; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 80; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 75; GLM-5.3 (max), Claude Code: 73; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 73; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 73; Kimi K3 (Reasoning), Terminus-2: 72; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 72; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 71; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 69; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 66; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 61; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 57; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 51; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 46; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 43; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 33; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 31; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 90255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code85GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex82GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex82GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex80GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex80GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex75GLM-5.3 (max)Claude Code73GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex73GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex73Kimi K3 (Reasoning)Terminus-272GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex72GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex71GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex69GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex66GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex61GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex57GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex51gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-246gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex43gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-233gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-231gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex9
How to read this chart

Bars. Every OpenAI model with a result, highlighted, and the strongest models from other labs, faded, for context. Provisional: not yet ranked.

Data table: Geospatial Agent Index: Text only

Text + vision

Geospatial Agent Index: Text + vision

Equal average of Earth-Bench V2, GeoBenchX, GS-QA2 and Vision agents, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Agent Index: Text + visionScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 88; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 84; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 82; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 80; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 75; GLM-5.3-Flash (max), Claude Code: 73; DeepSeek V4.1 Flash (max), Codex: 73; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 72; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 72; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 71; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 70; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 69; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 67; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 62; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 59; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 450255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code88GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex84GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex82GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex80GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex75GLM-5.3-Flash (max)Claude Code73DeepSeek V4.1 Flash (max)Codex73GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex72GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex72GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex71GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex70GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex69GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex67GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex62GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex59GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex45
How to read this chart

Bars. Every OpenAI model with a result, highlighted, and the strongest models from other labs, faded, for context. Provisional: not yet ranked.

Data table: Geospatial Agent Index: Text + vision

Provisional, so not on the index charts: GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), Codex, GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex. Their finished evaluations are in the charts below.

Earth-Bench V2

Earth observation data analysis · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

  • Striped: provisional, not yet ranked
Earth-Bench V2Scores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (high), Claude Code: 79; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 75; GLM-5.3 (max), Claude Code: 74; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 72; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 72; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 72; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 68; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 67; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 67; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 65; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 63; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 62; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 56; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 50; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 50; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 49; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 44; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 44; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 32; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 28; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 6; GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 77 (provisional, not yet ranked)0255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (high)Claude Code79GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex75GLM-5.3 (max)Claude Code74GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex72GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex72GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex72GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex68GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex67GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex67GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex65GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex63GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex62GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex56gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-250GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex50gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex49GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex44GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex44gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-232gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-228gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex6GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional77
Data table: Earth-Bench V2

GeoBenchX

Maps, numbers and lists from country and city data; some tasks should be declined · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

  • Striped: provisional, not yet ranked
GeoBenchXScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 83; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 79; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 79; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 77; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 75; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 74; Gemini 3.8 Flash (low), Terminus-2: 74; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 73; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 70; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 68; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 67; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 67; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 63; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 62; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 57; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 55; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 51; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 45; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 38; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 37; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 10; GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 75 (provisional, not yet ranked)0255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code83GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex79GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex79GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex77GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex75GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex74Gemini 3.8 Flash (low)Terminus-274GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex73GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex70GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex68GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex67GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex67GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex63GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex62GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex57gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex55GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex51gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-245gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-238gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-237gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex10GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional75
Data table: GeoBenchX

GS-QA2

Spatial data reasoning over map and elevation data · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

  • Striped: provisional, not yet ranked
GS-QA2Scores 0 to 100: GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 94; Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 94; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 93; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 93; DeepSeek V4.1 Flash (max), Codex: 89; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 89; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 87; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 85; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 81; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 80; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 80; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 78; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 77; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 76; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 65; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 59; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 42; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 30; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 29; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 25; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 12; GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), Codex: 100 (provisional, not yet ranked); GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 87 (provisional, not yet ranked)0255075100GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex94Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code94GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex93GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex93DeepSeek V4.1 Flash (max)Codex89GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex89GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex87GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex85GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex81GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex80GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex80GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex78GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex77GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex76GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex65GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex59gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-242gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-230gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-229gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex25gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex12GPT-5.6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional100GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional87
Data table: GS-QA2

GeoAgentBench

Guided workflows: multi-step spatial execution · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

  • Striped: provisional, not yet ranked
GeoAgentBenchScores 0 to 100: GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 100; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 100; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 100; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 100; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 100; Claude Opus 5.5 (high), Claude Code: 100; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 98; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 98; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 98; Gemini 3.8 Flash (low), Terminus-2: 98; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 96; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 96; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 96; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 94; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 92; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 86; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 70; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 60; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 58; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 53; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 10; GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 100 (provisional, not yet ranked)0255075100GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex100GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex100GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex100GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex100GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex100Claude Opus 5.5 (high)Claude Code100GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex98GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex98GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex98Gemini 3.8 Flash (low)Terminus-298GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex96GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex96GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex96GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex94GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex92GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex86gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-270gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-260gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex58gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-253gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex10GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional100
Data table: GeoAgentBench

GeoAnalystBench

Guided workflows: spatial workflow and code generation · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

GeoAnalystBenchScores 0 to 100: GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 100; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 100; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 100; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 100; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 100; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 100; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 100; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 100; DeepSeek V4 Pro (max), Terminus-2: 100; GLM-5.2 (high), Terminus-2: 100; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 95; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 95; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 95; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 89; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 89; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 79; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 53; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 47; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 42; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 37; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 110255075100GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex100GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex100GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex100GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex100GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex100GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex100GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex100GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex100DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)Terminus-2100GLM-5.2 (high)Terminus-2100GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex95GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex95GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex95GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex89GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex89GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex79gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-253gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-247gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex42gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-237gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex11
Data table: GeoAnalystBench

Vision

ThinkGeo

Vision agents: agents that look at images and use code · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

ThinkGeoScores 0 to 100: GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 100; Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 96; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 88; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 87; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 81; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 74; GLM-5.3-Flash (max), Claude Code: 74; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 72; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 64; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 62; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 62; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 62; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 60; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 60; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 57; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 57; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 230255075100GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code96GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex88GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex87GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex81GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex74GLM-5.3-Flash (max)Claude Code74GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex72GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex64GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex62GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex62GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex62GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex60GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex60GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex57GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex57GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex23
Data table: ThinkGeo

OpenEarthAgent

Vision agents: agents that look at images and use code · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

OpenEarthAgentScores 0 to 100: GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 100; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 100; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 100; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 100; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 100; Claude Opus 5.5 (medium), Claude Code: 100; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 94; DeepSeek V4.1 Flash (max), Codex: 94; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 88; GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 88; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 88; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 88; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 88; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 82; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 76; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 76; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 410255075100GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex100GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex100GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex100GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex100GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex100Claude Opus 5.5 (medium)Claude Code100GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex94DeepSeek V4.1 Flash (max)Codex94GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex88GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional88GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex88GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex88GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex88GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex82GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex76GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex76GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex41
Data table: OpenEarthAgent

Earth-Bench V2 images

Questions on images, no tools · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Earth-Bench V2 imagesScores 0 to 100: GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 76; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 74; Claude Opus 5.5 (high): 74; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 72; GPT-6 Sol (high): 72; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium): 72; Qwen 3.8 27B (xhigh): 69; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 68; GPT-5.6 Luna (high): 68; GPT-5.6 Luna (low): 68; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 66; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 66; GPT-6 Luna (low): 66; GPT-6 Luna (high): 62; GPT-6 Luna (medium): 62; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium): 600255075100GPT-5.6 Sol (high)76GPT-5.6 Terra (high)74Claude Opus 5.5 (high)74GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)72GPT-6 Sol (high)72GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)72Qwen 3.8 27B (xhigh)69GPT-6.1 Sol (high)68GPT-5.6 Luna (high)68GPT-5.6 Luna (low)68GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)66GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)66GPT-6 Luna (low)66GPT-6 Luna (high)62GPT-6 Luna (medium)62GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)60
Data table: Earth-Bench V2 images

ThinkGeo images

Questions on images, no tools · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

ThinkGeo imagesScores 0 to 100: Claude Sonnet 5.5 (high): 50; GPT-6 Luna (high): 43; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 41; GPT-6 Sol (high): 41; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 41; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 37; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 37; GPT-6 Luna (medium): 37; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium): 37; Qwen 3.8 27B (xhigh): 37; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 35; GPT-5.6 Luna (high): 35; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium): 35; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 34; GPT-5.6 Luna (low): 33; GPT-6 Luna (low): 290255075100Claude Sonnet 5.5 (high)50GPT-6 Luna (high)43GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)41GPT-6 Sol (high)41GPT-5.6 Sol (high)41GPT-6.1 Sol (high)37GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)37GPT-6 Luna (medium)37GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)37Qwen 3.8 27B (xhigh)37GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)35GPT-5.6 Luna (high)35GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)35GPT-5.6 Terra (high)34GPT-5.6 Luna (low)33GPT-6 Luna (low)29
Data table: ThinkGeo images

Knowledge

Geospatial knowledge

Questions on geospatial knowledge · 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial knowledgeScores 0 to 100: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (high): 98; Gemini 3.8 Flash (low): 94; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 93; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 93; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 93; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 92; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium): 92; GPT-6 Luna (high): 92; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 91; GPT-5.6 Luna (high): 91; GPT-6 Sol (high): 91; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium): 91; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 91; GPT-6 Luna (medium): 90; gpt-oss-120b (high): 90; GPT-5.6 Luna (low): 90; GPT-6 Luna (low): 89; gpt-oss-120b (low): 88; gpt-oss-20b (high): 850255075100Claude Sonnet 4.6 (high)98Gemini 3.8 Flash (low)94GPT-6.1 Sol (high)93GPT-5.6 Sol (high)93GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)93GPT-5.6 Terra (high)92GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)92GPT-6 Luna (high)92GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)91GPT-5.6 Luna (high)91GPT-6 Sol (high)91GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)91GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)91GPT-6 Luna (medium)90gpt-oss-120b (high)90GPT-5.6 Luna (low)90GPT-6 Luna (low)89gpt-oss-120b (low)88gpt-oss-20b (high)85
Data table: Geospatial knowledge

Cost

Cost per task

Average cost per agent task (USD) · Lower is better

  • Striped: provisional, not yet ranked
Cost per taskCost per task in US dollars: GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: $0.0026; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: $0.0032; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: $0.0040; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: $0.0046; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: $0.0058; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: $0.0070; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: $0.0094; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: $0.016; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: $0.017; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: $0.021; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: $0.026; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: $0.046; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: $0.059; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: $0.082; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: $0.085; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: $0.094; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: $0.10; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: $0.21; Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: $0.25; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: $0.26; GLM-5.3 (max), Claude Code: $0.48; GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: $0.047 (provisional, not yet ranked); GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), Codex: $0.060 (provisional, not yet ranked)$0$0.15$0.30$0.45$0.60GPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex$0.0026GPT-6 Luna (low)Codex$0.0032GPT-6 Luna (high)Codex$0.0040gpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-2$0.0046GPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex$0.0058GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex$0.0070GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex$0.0094GPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex$0.016gpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-2$0.017GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex$0.021gpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-2$0.026GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex$0.046GPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex$0.059GPT-6 Sol (high)Codex$0.082GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex$0.085gpt-oss-20b (high)Codex$0.094GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex$0.10GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex$0.21Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code$0.25gpt-oss-120b (high)Codex$0.26GLM-5.3 (max)Claude Code$0.48GPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional$0.047GPT-5.6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional$0.060
How to read this chart

What cost is measuring. What one attempt at a task would cost if paid token by token at the provider's published API prices, averaged over attempts: ordinary input tokens, input tokens served from the provider's cache at the lower cached price, tokens written to the cache where the provider charges for that, and output tokens (thinking included). Cost assumes each harness uses the model's pay-per-token API, priced at public list rates; sandboxes and our own engineering time are not included. Failed attempts count too.

How to read this chart. Lower is better. Costs are pay-per-token list prices, not any discount or credit a customer might have.

Bars. Every OpenAI entry with a cost, highlighted, and the top-ranked entries from other labs on the Geospatial Agent Index, faded, for context. Provisional: not yet ranked.

Data table: Cost per task

Geospatial Agent Index vs. cost per task

Geospatial Agent Index, Text only; cost per task (USD) · Higher and further left is better

  • Most attractive quadrant
  • Pareto line
Geospatial Agent Index vs. cost per taskGeospatial Agent Index (0 to 100) against cost per task in US dollars, log scale: gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 31.18, $0.0046; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 45.57, $0.026; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 33.48, $0.017; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 42.81, $0.26; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 9.31, $0.094; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 81.5, $0.046; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 80.35, $0.059; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 81.82, $0.085; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 72.65, $0.0070; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 79.53, $0.082; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 57.39, $0.0026; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 71.42, $0.0040; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 75.05, $0.21; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 69.32, $0.10; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 66.34, $0.0094; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 71.7, $0.016; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 72.66, $0.021; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 51.2, $0.0032; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 60.81, $0.0058; Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 84.65, $0.25; GLM-5.3 (max), Claude Code: 73.4, $0.48; Kimi K3 (Reasoning), Terminus-2: 71.99, $0.23Most attractive quadrant0102030405060708090100$0.002$0.005$0.01$0.02$0.05$0.10$0.20$0.50$1.00Cost per task (USD, log scale)Geospatial Agent IndexGPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), CodexGPT-6.1 Sol (medium), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), CodexGPT-6 Luna (xhigh), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (high), CodexGPT-6 Luna (high), CodexGPT-6 Luna (medium), CodexGPT-6.1 Sol (high), CodexGPT-6 Sol (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Sol (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Terra (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (medium), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (low), CodexGPT-6 Luna (low), Codexgpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2gpt-oss-120b (high), Codexgpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2gpt-oss-20b (high), CodexClaude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude CodeGLM-5.3 (max), Claude CodeKimi K3 (Reasoning), Terminus-2
How to read this chart

Why a log scale. Costs and times differ by a factor of ten or more between models, so equal steps on the axis are equal ratios.

What cost is measuring. What one attempt at a task would cost if paid token by token at the provider's published API prices, averaged over attempts: ordinary input tokens, input tokens served from the provider's cache at the lower cached price, tokens written to the cache where the provider charges for that, and output tokens (thinking included). Cost assumes each harness uses the model's pay-per-token API, priced at public list rates; sandboxes and our own engineering time are not included. Failed attempts count too.

How to read this chart. Each point is one entry. Further left means a lower average cost per task (log scale); higher means a higher Geospatial Agent Index. Both axes fit the models shown, so the score axis does not start at zero. The shaded most attractive quadrant is the top-left quarter of the plot, split at the middle of each axis: a reading aid that moves with the axes when you change the models shown, not a fixed bar. The dotted Pareto line joins the shown models that no cheaper shown model beats on score.

Data table: Geospatial Agent Index vs. cost per task

Time

Time per task

Average minutes per agent task, at 100 output tokens/s · Lower is better

  • Striped: provisional, not yet ranked
Time per taskTime per task: GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 0.4 min; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 0.4 min; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 0.5 min; gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 0.5 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 0.5 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 0.5 min; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 0.7 min; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 1.0 min; Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 1.4 min; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 1.4 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 1.4 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 1.7 min; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 3.0 min; GLM-5.3 (max), Claude Code: 4.3 min; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 4.8 min; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 6.0 min; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 7.2 min; GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), Codex: 0.2 min (provisional, not yet ranked); GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex: 0.3 min (provisional, not yet ranked)02468GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)Codex0.4 minGPT-6 Luna (medium)Codex0.4 minGPT-6 Luna (low)Codex0.5 mingpt-oss-120b (low)Terminus-20.5 minGPT-6.1 Sol (high)Codex0.5 minGPT-5.6 Luna (low)Codex0.5 minGPT-6 Luna (high)Codex0.7 minGPT-6 Sol (high)Codex0.8 minGPT-5.6 Luna (medium)Codex0.8 minGPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)Codex0.8 minGPT-5.6 Terra (high)Codex0.8 minGPT-5.6 Sol (high)Codex1.0 minClaude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Code1.4 minGPT-6 Luna (xhigh)Codex1.4 minGPT-5.6 Luna (high)Codex1.4 minGPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)Codex1.7 mingpt-oss-120b (high)Terminus-23.0 minGLM-5.3 (max)Claude Code4.3 mingpt-oss-20b (high)Codex4.8 mingpt-oss-120b (high)Codex6.0 mingpt-oss-20b (high)Terminus-27.2 minGPT-5.6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional0.2 minGPT-6 Sol (medium)Codex · provisional0.3 min
How to read this chart

What this metric means. Time as if every model wrote 100 output tokens per second: output tokens divided by 100, plus the time the agent's commands took. Serving speed differs between providers and is not ranked.

Bars. Every OpenAI entry with a cost, highlighted, and the top-ranked entries from other labs on the Geospatial Agent Index, faded, for context. Provisional: not yet ranked.

Data table: Time per task

Geospatial Agent Index vs. time per task

Geospatial Agent Index, Text only; time per task (minutes) · Higher and further left is better

  • Most attractive quadrant
  • Pareto line
Geospatial Agent Index vs. time per taskGeospatial Agent Index (0 to 100) against time per task (minutes), log scale: gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2: 31.18, 0.5 min; gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2: 45.57, 3.0 min; gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2: 33.48, 7.2 min; gpt-oss-120b (high), Codex: 42.81, 6.0 min; gpt-oss-20b (high), Codex: 9.31, 4.8 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex: 81.5, 0.4 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (high), Codex: 80.35, 0.5 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex: 81.82, 0.8 min; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 72.65, 1.4 min; GPT-6 Sol (high), Codex: 79.53, 0.8 min; GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex: 57.39, 0.4 min; GPT-6 Luna (high), Codex: 71.42, 0.7 min; GPT-5.6 Sol (high), Codex: 75.05, 1.0 min; GPT-5.6 Terra (high), Codex: 69.32, 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), Codex: 66.34, 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (high), Codex: 71.7, 1.4 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), Codex: 72.66, 1.7 min; GPT-6 Luna (low), Codex: 51.2, 0.5 min; GPT-5.6 Luna (low), Codex: 60.81, 0.5 min; Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude Code: 84.65, 1.4 min; GLM-5.3 (max), Claude Code: 73.4, 4.3 min; Kimi K3 (Reasoning), Terminus-2: 71.99, 2.7 minMost attractive quadrant01020304050607080901000.2 min0.5 min1 min2 min5 min10 minTime per task (minutes, log scale)Geospatial Agent IndexGPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), CodexGPT-6.1 Sol (medium), CodexGPT-6.1 Sol (high), CodexGPT-6 Sol (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Sol (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), CodexGPT-6 Luna (xhigh), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (high), CodexGPT-6 Luna (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Terra (high), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (medium), CodexGPT-5.6 Luna (low), CodexGPT-6 Luna (medium), CodexGPT-6 Luna (low), Codexgpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2gpt-oss-120b (high), Codexgpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2gpt-oss-20b (high), CodexClaude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), Claude CodeGLM-5.3 (max), Claude CodeKimi K3 (Reasoning), Terminus-2
How to read this chart

Why a log scale. Costs and times differ by a factor of ten or more between models, so equal steps on the axis are equal ratios.

What this metric means. Time as if every model wrote 100 output tokens per second: output tokens divided by 100, plus the time the agent's commands took. Serving speed differs between providers and is not ranked.

How to read this chart. Each point is one entry. Further left means a lower average time per task (log scale); higher means a higher Geospatial Agent Index. Both axes fit the models shown, so the score axis does not start at zero. The shaded most attractive quadrant is the top-left quarter of the plot, split at the middle of each axis: a reading aid that moves with the axes when you change the models shown, not a fixed bar. The dotted Pareto line joins the shown models that no faster shown model beats on score.

Data table: Geospatial Agent Index vs. time per task

Every benchmark

Score by benchmark

Share answered correctly, 0 to 100 · Darker is better; hatched: provisional, evaluation not finished

Data table: Score by benchmark
Every benchmark
ModelStatusEarth-Bench V2GeoBenchXGS-QA2GeoAgentBenchGeoAnalystBenchThinkGeoOpenEarthAgentEarth-Bench V2 imagesThinkGeo imagesGeospatial knowledge
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), CodexRanked727994100958894724193
GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), CodexRanked72799310010087100723792
GPT-6.1 Sol (high), CodexRanked72779310010081100683793
GPT-6 Sol (high), CodexRanked75758910010072100724191
GPT-5.6 Sol (high), CodexRanked687087100897476764193
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh), CodexRanked6568859810062100663791
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh), CodexRanked677378961006488663591
GPT-5.6 Luna (high), CodexRanked6767819810057100683591
GPT-6 Luna (high), CodexRanked637477961006088624392
GPT-5.6 Terra (high), CodexRanked62678096956288743492
GPT-5.6 Luna (medium), CodexRanked566380981006288603591
GPT-5.6 Luna (low), CodexRanked44627686955782683390
GPT-6 Luna (medium), CodexRanked50576594896076623790
GPT-6 Luna (low), CodexRanked44515992792341662989
gpt-oss-120b (high), Terminus-2Ranked5045427053No dataNo dataNo dataNo data90
gpt-oss-120b (high), CodexRanked4955255842No dataNo dataNo dataNo data90
gpt-oss-20b (high), Terminus-2Ranked3238305337No dataNo dataNo dataNo data85
gpt-oss-120b (low), Terminus-2Ranked2837296047No dataNo dataNo dataNo data88
gpt-oss-20b (high), CodexRanked610121011No dataNo dataNo dataNo data85
GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), CodexProvisionalNo dataNo data100 (provisional)No dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo data
GPT-6 Sol (medium), CodexProvisional77 (provisional)75 (provisional)87100 (provisional)No data100 (provisional)88 (provisional)No dataNo dataNo data

Frequently asked questions

What OpenAI models do you benchmark?
Which is the most intelligent OpenAI model for geospatial work?
GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), with 86.4 on the Geospatial Intelligence Index (Text only), #3 of 61.
What is the cheapest OpenAI model per task?
GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex, at $0.0026 per agent task at list prices, #1 of 74 on the Geospatial Agent Index.
What is the fastest OpenAI model?
GPT-6.1 Sol (medium), Codex, at 0.4 min per agent task at 100 output tokens per second, #3 of 74.
Does OpenAI offer open-weights models?
Yes: gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b. Their weights are published, so you can run them on your own hardware.
Which OpenAI models can read satellite imagery?
GPT-6.1 Sol, GPT-6 Sol, GPT-5.6 Sol, GPT-5.6 Luna, GPT-6 Luna and GPT-5.6 Terra take images as input. The best on Vision is GPT-5.6 Sol (high), with 58.4.
How do OpenAI models do on Earth observation, GIS and geospatial knowledge?
Which OpenAI model is best for agent work, and in which harness?
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex, with 81.8 on the Geospatial Agent Index, #3 of 74, in the Codex harness.
How does OpenAI's best model compare with the overall leader?
GPT-6.1 Sol (medium) scores 86.4 on the Geospatial Intelligence Index (Text only), 2.2 points behind the leader, Anthropic's Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh), with 88.7.
Are any OpenAI models still being benchmarked?
Yes. GPT-5.6 Sol (medium), Codex; GPT-6 Sol (medium), Codex are still being benchmarked, so their results are provisional: not yet ranked.
How should I choose between OpenAI models for geospatial work?
Start from the job. For the strongest answers, GPT-6.1 Sol (medium); for agent work with data and code, GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh), Codex; for the lowest cost, GPT-6 Luna (medium), Codex; for reading imagery, GPT-5.6 Sol (high); to run it yourself, gpt-oss-120b. Each model page shows its scores on every evaluation.