Axis Spatial

Geospatial Intelligence Index

Which AI model is best at geospatial (GIS and Earth observation) work: independent tests of agent tasks, vision, guided workflows and geospatial knowledge, scored the same way for every model.

New: Version 1.0: the first public release, with the same method as Pre-release 0.34.

Ongoing evaluation: results update as runs complete. Last updated 23 October 2026.

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Headline results

Intelligence

Geospatial Intelligence Index, Text + vision, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + visionScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 83; Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh): 79; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 78; GPT-6 Sol (high): 78; Claude Opus 5 (high): 77; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 76; Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh): 75; Claude Opus 4.8 (high): 74025507510083Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)79Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)78GPT-6.1 Sol (high)78GPT-6 Sol (high)77Claude Opus 5 (high)76GPT-5.6 Sol (high)75Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)74Claude Opus 4.8 (high)
How to read this chart

Rows. One bar per model, at its highest reasoning level that is ranked. The level is in brackets. Other levels are in the leaderboard.

What this metric means. A weighted average of four group scores, each 0 to 100: Agent tasks 4/8, Vision 2/8, Guided workflows 1/8, Geospatial knowledge 1/8. Agent tasks carry half because they test the work itself. Agent tasks here means the Geospatial Agent Index, Text + vision view.

Not shown: not yet ranked. 13 models are not yet complete in every group. They are listed under "Not yet ranked" in the leaderboard, with what each still needs.

Data table: Intelligence
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/8)Vision (2/8)Guided workflows (1/8)Geospatial knowledge (1/8)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.788599994
2Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic78.982579694
3GPT-6.1 Sol (high) (Highest ranked level; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh) is not yet ranked)OpenAI78.1825310093
4GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI77.8805610091
5Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic77.481539593
6GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI75.575589593
7Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic75.177529792
8Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic74.075509893

All results: Leaderboard

Speed

Time per task (at 100 output tokens/s), minutes, models ranked in Text only · Lower is better

SpeedSpeed: gpt-oss-120b (low): 0.5 min; GPT-6 Sol (high): 0.8 min; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 0.8 min; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 0.8 min; Claude Opus 4.8 (high): 0.9 min; Claude Opus 4.7 (high): 0.9 min; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 1.0 min; Claude Opus 5 (high): 1.1 min0 min0.5 min1 min1.5 min2 min0.5 mingpt-oss-120b (low)0.8 minGPT-6 Sol (high)0.8 minGPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)0.8 minGPT-5.6 Terra (high)0.9 minClaude Opus 4.8 (high)0.9 minClaude Opus 4.7 (high)1.0 minGPT-5.6 Sol (high)1.1 minClaude Opus 5 (high)
How to read this chart

Time per task. Time as if every model wrote 100 output tokens per second: output tokens divided by 100, plus the time the agent's commands took. Serving speed differs between providers and is not ranked. The average over the Geospatial Agent Index tasks, in the harness the model is scored in.

Data table: Speed
Speed
ModelDeveloperTime per task (min)Tasks attempted
gpt-oss-120b (low)OpenAI0.5 min488 of 488 tasks
GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI0.8 min488 of 488 tasks
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI0.8 min488 of 488 tasks
GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI0.8 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic0.9 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic0.9 min488 of 488 tasks
GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI1.0 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic1.1 min488 of 488 tasks
Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning)Mistral AI1.1 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic1.2 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic1.4 min488 of 488 tasks
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI1.4 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic1.5 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic1.6 min488 of 488 tasks
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI1.7 min488 of 488 tasks
Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning)Meta2.1 min488 of 488 tasks
Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic2.5 min488 of 488 tasks
Kimi K3 (Reasoning)Moonshot AI2.7 min488 of 488 tasks
GLM-5.3 (max)Z.ai4.2 min488 of 488 tasks
DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)DeepSeek4.9 min488 of 488 tasks
GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning)Z.ai5.4 min488 of 488 tasks
Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning)Google5.6 min488 of 488 tasks
DeepSeek V4 Flash (max)DeepSeek5.7 min488 of 488 tasks
GLM-5.2 (max)Z.ai6.1 min488 of 488 tasks
GLM-5.3-Flash (max)Z.ai8.5 min488 of 488 tasks

All results: Models

Cost per task

Average cost of one agent task (USD), models ranked in Text only · Lower is better

Cost per taskCost per task in US dollars: gpt-oss-120b (low): $0.0046; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): $0.0070; Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh): $0.017; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): $0.021; Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning): $0.021; Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning): $0.023; Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning): $0.026; GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning): $0.037$0$0.01$0.02$0.03$0.04$0.0046gpt-oss-120b (low)$0.0070GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)$0.017Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)$0.021GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)$0.021Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning)$0.023Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning)$0.026Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning)$0.037GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning)
How to read this chart

Cost per agent task. The average cost of one Geospatial Agent Index task, at public API list prices, in the harness the model is scored in. Knowledge and image questions are single model calls and are not included.

Data table: Cost per task
Cost per task
ModelDeveloperCost per taskTasks attempted
gpt-oss-120b (low)OpenAI$0.0046488 of 488 tasks
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI$0.0070488 of 488 tasks
Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic$0.017488 of 488 tasks
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI$0.021488 of 488 tasks
Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning)Google$0.021488 of 488 tasks
Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning)Meta$0.023488 of 488 tasks
Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning)Mistral AI$0.026488 of 488 tasks
GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning)Z.ai$0.037488 of 488 tasks
DeepSeek V4 Flash (max)DeepSeek$0.062488 of 488 tasks
GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI$0.082488 of 488 tasks
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI$0.085488 of 488 tasks
Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic$0.092488 of 488 tasks
GLM-5.3-Flash (max)Z.ai$0.094488 of 488 tasks
GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI$0.10488 of 488 tasks
Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic$0.11488 of 488 tasks
Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic$0.20488 of 488 tasks
GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI$0.21488 of 488 tasks
Kimi K3 (Reasoning)Moonshot AI$0.23488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic$0.25488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic$0.26488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic$0.32488 of 488 tasks
GLM-5.2 (max)Z.ai$0.32488 of 488 tasks
Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic$0.34488 of 488 tasks
DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)DeepSeek$0.35488 of 488 tasks
GLM-5.3 (max)Z.ai$0.38488 of 488 tasks

All results: Cost and efficiency

Main index charts

Geospatial Intelligence Index

Text + vision adds tasks where the model must look at images. In Text only, models still work with satellite data through code.

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only

Weighted average of agent tasks, guided workflows and geospatial knowledge, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text onlyScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 89; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 86; GPT-6 Sol (high): 85; Claude Opus 5 (high): 84; Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh): 84; Claude Opus 4.8 (high): 83; Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh): 82; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 81; Claude Sonnet 5 (high): 81; Claude Opus 4.7 (high): 81; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 80; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 80; DeepSeek V4 Pro (max): 79; Kimi K3 (Reasoning): 79; GLM-5.2 (max): 78; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 78; DeepSeek V4 Flash (max): 77; GLM-5.3 (max): 77; GLM-5.3-Flash (max): 71; Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning): 66; Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning): 64; GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning): 50; Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning): 44; gpt-oss-120b (low): 44; Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning): 200255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)89GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)86GPT-6 Sol (high)85Claude Opus 5 (high)84Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)84Claude Opus 4.8 (high)83Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)82GPT-5.6 Sol (high)81Claude Sonnet 5 (high)81Claude Opus 4.7 (high)81GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)80GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)80DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)79Kimi K3 (Reasoning)79GLM-5.2 (max)78GPT-5.6 Terra (high)78DeepSeek V4 Flash (max)77GLM-5.3 (max)77GLM-5.3-Flash (max)71Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)66Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning)64GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning)50Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning)44gpt-oss-120b (low)44Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning)20
How to read this chart

Rows. One bar per model, at its highest reasoning level that is ranked. The level is in brackets. Other levels are in the leaderboard.

What this metric means. A weighted average of three group scores, each 0 to 100: Agent tasks 4/6, Guided workflows 1/6, Geospatial knowledge 1/6. Agent tasks here means the Geospatial Agent Index, Text only view (Earth-Bench V2, GeoBenchX and GS-QA2). Every model complete in these groups is ranked, models with no image input included.

Not shown: not yet ranked. 9 models are not yet complete in every group of this view. They are listed under "Not yet ranked" in the leaderboard, with what each still needs.

Data table: Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/6)Guided workflows (1/6)Geospatial knowledge (1/6)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic88.7859994
2GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI86.2829793
3GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI84.98010091
4Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic84.5809593
5Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic84.4799694
6Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic82.5769893
7Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.0769792
8GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI81.3759593
9Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic80.9749691
10Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic80.8749893
11GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80.0739991
12GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80.0739891
13DeepSeek V4 Pro (max) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek79.0719892
14Kimi K3 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AI78.6729292
15GLM-5.2 (max) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai78.4729489
16GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI77.5699592
17DeepSeek V4 Flash (max) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek77.2699591
18GLM-5.3 (max) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai77.1708992
19GLM-5.3-Flash (max) Open weightsZ.ai71.0638492
20Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic65.8587689
21Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning) Open weightsGoogle64.4567589
22GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai49.6433986
23Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AI44.5334789
24gpt-oss-120b (low) Open weights (Highest ranked level; gpt-oss-120b (high) is not yet ranked) (No image input)OpenAI44.3315488
25Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Meta19.98482

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision

Weighted average of agent tasks, vision, guided workflows and geospatial knowledge, 0 to 100 · Higher is better

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + visionScores 0 to 100: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 83; Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh): 79; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 78; GPT-6 Sol (high): 78; Claude Opus 5 (high): 77; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 76; Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh): 75; Claude Opus 4.8 (high): 74; Claude Sonnet 5 (high): 73; Claude Opus 4.7 (high): 73; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 73; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 72; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 72; Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning): 530255075100Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)83Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)79GPT-6.1 Sol (high)78GPT-6 Sol (high)78Claude Opus 5 (high)77GPT-5.6 Sol (high)76Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)75Claude Opus 4.8 (high)74Claude Sonnet 5 (high)73Claude Opus 4.7 (high)73GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)73GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)72GPT-5.6 Terra (high)72Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)53

No image input (see Text only): DeepSeek V4 Pro (max) Open weights, GLM-5.2 (max) Open weights, DeepSeek V4 Flash (max) Open weights, GLM-5.3 (max) Open weights, GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning) Open weights, gpt-oss-120b (low) Open weights, Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning) Open weights.

How to read this chart

Rows. One bar per model, at its highest reasoning level that is ranked. The level is in brackets. Other levels are in the leaderboard.

What this metric means. A weighted average of four group scores, each 0 to 100: Agent tasks 4/8, Vision 2/8, Guided workflows 1/8, Geospatial knowledge 1/8. Agent tasks carry half because they test the work itself. Agent tasks here means the Geospatial Agent Index, Text + vision view.

No image input. No image input: the developer's documentation says the model cannot take images. It is ranked in the Text only view and never given 0. Such models are listed under the chart.

Not shown: not yet ranked. 13 models are not yet complete in every group. They are listed under "Not yet ranked" in the leaderboard, with what each still needs.

Data table: Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/8)Vision (2/8)Guided workflows (1/8)Geospatial knowledge (1/8)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.788599994
2Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic78.982579694
3GPT-6.1 Sol (high) (Highest ranked level; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh) is not yet ranked)OpenAI78.1825310093
4GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI77.8805610091
5Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic77.481539593
6GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI75.575589593
7Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic75.177529792
8Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic74.075509893
9Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic73.276479691
10Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic72.874479893
11GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72.872529991
12GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72.372509891
13GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI71.569549592
14Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic53.148347689

The top model leads the next by about 4 points; differences under about 3 points are within noise (how this is estimated).

Performance and cost

Text only

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only vs. cost per agent task

Geospatial Intelligence Index; cost per Agent Index task (USD) · Higher and further left is better

  • Most attractive quadrant
  • Pareto line
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only vs. cost per agent taskGeospatial Intelligence Index (0 to 100) against cost per agent task in US dollars, log scale: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 88.65, $0.25; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh): 86.19, $0.085; GPT-6 Sol (high): 84.86, $0.082; Claude Opus 5 (high): 84.47, $0.32; Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh): 84.42, $0.11; Claude Opus 4.8 (high): 82.53, $0.26; Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh): 82.01, $0.017; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 81.26, $0.21; Claude Sonnet 5 (high): 80.87, $0.20; Claude Opus 4.7 (high): 80.84, $0.34; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 80.05, $0.021; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 79.98, $0.0070; DeepSeek V4 Pro (max): 78.99, $0.35; Kimi K3 (Reasoning): 78.61, $0.23; GLM-5.2 (max): 78.38, $0.32; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 77.51, $0.10; DeepSeek V4 Flash (max): 77.21, $0.062; GLM-5.3 (max): 77.12, $0.38; GLM-5.3-Flash (max): 70.98, $0.094; Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning): 65.81, $0.092; Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning): 64.4, $0.021; GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning): 49.61, $0.037; Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning): 44.49, $0.026; gpt-oss-120b (low): 44.33, $0.0046; Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning): 19.89, $0.023Most attractive quadrant102030405060708090100$0.002$0.005$0.01$0.02$0.05$0.10$0.20$0.50Cost per agent task (USD, log scale)Geospatial Intelligence IndexClaude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)GPT-6 Sol (high)Claude Opus 5 (high)Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Claude Opus 4.7 (high)GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)DeepSeek V4 Pro (max)Kimi K3 (Reasoning)GLM-5.2 (max)GPT-5.6 Terra (high)DeepSeek V4 Flash (max)GLM-5.3 (max)GLM-5.3-Flash (max)Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning)GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning)Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning)gpt-oss-120b (low)Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning)
How to read this chart

How to read this chart. Each point is one model at its highest reasoning level. Further left means a lower average cost per agent task (log scale); higher means a higher Geospatial Intelligence Index. Both axes fit the models shown, so the score axis does not start at zero. The shaded most attractive quadrant is the top-left quarter of the plot, split at the middle of each axis: a reading aid, not a fixed bar. The dotted Pareto line joins the models that no cheaper model beats on the index.

Cost per agent task. The average cost of one Geospatial Agent Index task, at public API list prices, in the harness the model is scored in. Knowledge and image questions are single model calls and are not included.

Data table: Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only vs. cost per agent task
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text only vs. cost per agent task
ModelGeospatial Intelligence IndexCost per agent task (USD)On the Pareto line
Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)88.7$0.25Yes
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)86.2$0.085Yes
GPT-6 Sol (high)84.9$0.082Yes
Claude Opus 5 (high)84.5$0.32No
Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)84.4$0.11No
Claude Opus 4.8 (high)82.5$0.26No
Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)82.0$0.017Yes
GPT-5.6 Sol (high)81.3$0.21No
Claude Sonnet 5 (high)80.9$0.20No
Claude Opus 4.7 (high)80.8$0.34No
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)80.0$0.021No
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)80.0$0.0070Yes
DeepSeek V4 Pro (max) Open weights79.0$0.35No
Kimi K3 (Reasoning) Open weights78.6$0.23No
GLM-5.2 (max) Open weights78.4$0.32No
GPT-5.6 Terra (high)77.5$0.10No
DeepSeek V4 Flash (max) Open weights77.2$0.062No
GLM-5.3 (max) Open weights77.1$0.38No
GLM-5.3-Flash (max) Open weights71.0$0.094No
Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)65.8$0.092No
Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning) Open weights64.4$0.021No
GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning) Open weights49.6$0.037No
Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning) Open weights44.5$0.026No
gpt-oss-120b (low) Open weights44.3$0.0046Yes
Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning) Open weights19.9$0.023No

Text + vision

Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision vs. cost per agent task

Geospatial Intelligence Index; cost per Agent Index task (USD) · Higher and further left is better

  • Most attractive quadrant
  • Pareto line
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision vs. cost per agent taskGeospatial Intelligence Index (0 to 100) against cost per agent task in US dollars, log scale: Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh): 82.72, $0.25; Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh): 78.88, $0.11; GPT-6.1 Sol (high): 78.11, $0.059; GPT-6 Sol (high): 77.75, $0.082; Claude Opus 5 (high): 77.42, $0.32; GPT-5.6 Sol (high): 75.53, $0.21; Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh): 75.12, $0.017; Claude Opus 4.8 (high): 74.05, $0.26; Claude Sonnet 5 (high): 73.25, $0.20; Claude Opus 4.7 (high): 72.85, $0.34; GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh): 72.85, $0.021; GPT-6 Luna (xhigh): 72.31, $0.0070; GPT-5.6 Terra (high): 71.53, $0.10; Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning): 53.09, $0.092Most attractive quadrant505560657075808590$0.005$0.01$0.02$0.05$0.10$0.20$0.50Cost per agent task (USD, log scale)Geospatial Intelligence IndexClaude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)GPT-6.1 Sol (high)GPT-6 Sol (high)Claude Opus 5 (high)GPT-5.6 Sol (high)Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Claude Opus 4.7 (high)GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)GPT-5.6 Terra (high)Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)
How to read this chart

How to read this chart. Each point is one model at its highest reasoning level. Further left means a lower average cost per agent task (log scale); higher means a higher Geospatial Intelligence Index. Both axes fit the models shown, so the score axis does not start at zero. The shaded most attractive quadrant is the top-left quarter of the plot, split at the middle of each axis: a reading aid, not a fixed bar. The dotted Pareto line joins the models that no cheaper model beats on the index.

Cost per agent task. The average cost of one Geospatial Agent Index task, at public API list prices, in the harness the model is scored in. Knowledge and image questions are single model calls and are not included.

Data table: Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision vs. cost per agent task
Geospatial Intelligence Index: Text + vision vs. cost per agent task
ModelGeospatial Intelligence IndexCost per agent task (USD)On the Pareto line
Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)82.7$0.25Yes
Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)78.9$0.11Yes
GPT-6.1 Sol (high)78.1$0.059Yes
GPT-6 Sol (high)77.8$0.082No
Claude Opus 5 (high)77.4$0.32No
GPT-5.6 Sol (high)75.5$0.21No
Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)75.1$0.017Yes
Claude Opus 4.8 (high)74.0$0.26No
Claude Sonnet 5 (high)73.2$0.20No
Claude Opus 4.7 (high)72.8$0.34No
GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)72.8$0.021No
GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)72.3$0.0070Yes
GPT-5.6 Terra (high)71.5$0.10No
Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)53.1$0.092No

Leaderboard

Every model, reasoning level and group score

Every group score is shown next to the index, 0 to 100.

Text only

Text only: agent tasks 4/6, guided workflows 1/6, geospatial knowledge 1/6. Agent tasks here is the Geospatial Agent Index on its text evaluations (Earth-Bench V2, GeoBenchX and GS-QA2). Every model is ranked here, models with no image input included.

Geospatial Intelligence Index, Text only: ranked models
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/6)Guided workflows (1/6)Geospatial knowledge (1/6)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic88.7859994
2GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI86.2829793
3GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI84.98010091
4Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic84.5809593
5Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic84.4799694
6Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic82.5769893
7Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.0769792
8GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI81.3759593
9Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic80.9749691
10Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic80.8749893
11GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80.0739991
12GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80.0739891
13DeepSeek V4 Pro (max) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek79.0719892
14Kimi K3 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AI78.6729292
15GLM-5.2 (max) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai78.4729489
16GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI77.5699592
17DeepSeek V4 Flash (max) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek77.2699591
18GLM-5.3 (max) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai77.1708992
19GLM-5.3-Flash (max) Open weightsZ.ai71.0638492
20Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic65.8587689
21Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning) Open weightsGoogle64.4567589
22GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai49.6433986
23Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AI44.5334789
24gpt-oss-120b (low) Open weights (Highest ranked level; gpt-oss-120b (high) is not yet ranked) (No image input)OpenAI44.3315488
25Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Meta19.98482

One bar per model, at its highest reasoning level that is ranked. The level is in brackets. Other levels are under 'Show every reasoning level'.

Show every reasoning level
Geospatial Intelligence Index, Text only: ranked models (every reasoning level)
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/6)Guided workflows (1/6)Geospatial knowledge (1/6)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic88.7859994
2Claude Opus 5.5 (high)Anthropic87.48210095
3GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)OpenAI86.48210092
4GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI86.2829793
5GPT-6.1 Sol (high)OpenAI85.78010093
6Claude Opus 5.5 (medium)Anthropic85.4809694
7GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI84.98010091
8Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic84.5809593
9Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic84.4799694
10Claude Sonnet 5.5 (high)Anthropic84.3789994
11Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic82.5769893
12Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.0769792
13GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI81.3759593
14Claude Haiku 5.5 (high)Anthropic81.0769192
15Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic80.9749691
16Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic80.8749893
17GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80.0739991
18GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI80.0739891
19GPT-5.6 Luna (high)OpenAI79.5729991
20Claude Haiku 5.5 (medium)Anthropic79.2729492
21GPT-6 Luna (high)OpenAI79.2719892
22DeepSeek V4 Pro (max) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek79.0719892
23Claude Sonnet 5.5 (medium)Anthropic78.9719693
24GLM-5.2 (high) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai78.6719791
25Kimi K3 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AI78.6729292
26DeepSeek V4 Pro (high) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek78.6709892
27DeepSeek V4 Flash (high) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek78.4729291
28GLM-5.2 (max) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai78.4729489
29GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI77.5699592
30DeepSeek V4 Flash (max) Open weights (No image input)DeepSeek77.2699591
31GLM-5.3 (max) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai77.1708992
32GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)OpenAI75.9669991
33GLM-5.3 (low) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai74.5669391
34GLM-5.3-Flash (low) Open weightsZ.ai71.1629485
35GLM-5.3-Flash (max) Open weightsZ.ai71.0638492
36GLM-5.2 (Non-reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai70.9638389
37GPT-5.6 Luna (low)OpenAI70.5619090
38GPT-6 Luna (medium)OpenAI68.5579290
39Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic65.8587689
40Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning) Open weightsGoogle64.4567589
41GPT-6 Luna (low)OpenAI63.2518589
42GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Z.ai49.6433986
43Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AI44.5334789
44gpt-oss-120b (low) Open weights (No image input)OpenAI44.3315488
45Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning) Open weights (No image input)Meta19.98482

Text + vision

Geospatial Intelligence Index: ranked models. Group scores 0 to 100; the index is their weighted average.
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/8)Vision (2/8)Guided workflows (1/8)Geospatial knowledge (1/8)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.788599994
2Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic78.982579694
3GPT-6.1 Sol (high) (Highest ranked level; GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh) is not yet ranked)OpenAI78.1825310093
4GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI77.8805610091
5Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic77.481539593
6GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI75.575589593
7Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic75.177529792
8Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic74.075509893
9Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic73.276479691
10Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic72.874479893
11GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72.872529991
12GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72.372509891
13GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI71.569549592
14Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic53.148347689

One bar per model, at its highest reasoning level that is ranked. The level is in brackets. Other levels are under 'Show every reasoning level'.

Not yet ranked

Ranked once every group is complete. Sorted by the Text only index.

Geospatial Intelligence Index: not yet ranked
ModelDeveloperText only indexAgent tasks (4/8)Vision (2/8)Guided workflows (1/8)Geospatial knowledge (1/8)
Kimi K3 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AI78.6Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)489292
GLM-5.3-Flash (max) Open weightsZ.ai71.0Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Incomplete: 14 of 136 questions rejected by the provider8492
Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning) Open weightsGoogle64.4Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)437589
Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AI44.5Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run4789
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (high)AnthropicNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run98Not run: 845 of 1,685 questions
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite (high)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GeoBenchX (2 of 150 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not runNot run: GeoAgentBench (2 of 50 tasks)Not run
Gemini 3.1 Pro (preview) (high)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run90Not run
Gemini 3.8 Flash (high)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run53Not run
Kimi K2.6 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AINot yet rankedNot run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)44Not run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)92
Kimi K2.7 Code (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AINot yet rankedNot run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)44Not run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)92
Mistral Small 3.1 24B (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AINot yet rankedNo agent entry33No agent entry82
Qwen 3.8 27B (xhigh) Open weightsAlibaba (Qwen)Not yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GeoBenchX (all 150 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run: 8 of 136 questionsNot run: GeoAgentBench (2 of 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (14 of 19 tasks)91
gpt-oss-20b (high) Open weights (No image input)OpenAINot yet ranked9No image inputNot run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)85

No image input (see Text only): DeepSeek V4 Pro (max) Open weights, GLM-5.2 (max) Open weights, DeepSeek V4 Flash (max) Open weights, GLM-5.3 (max) Open weights, GLM-4.7-Flash (Reasoning) Open weights, gpt-oss-120b (low) Open weights, Llama 3.3 70B (Non-reasoning) Open weights.

Show every reasoning level
Geospatial Intelligence Index: ranked models (every reasoning level). Group scores 0 to 100; the index is their weighted average.
RankModelDeveloperIndexAgent tasks (4/8)Vision (2/8)Guided workflows (1/8)Geospatial knowledge (1/8)
1Claude Opus 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic82.788599994
2Claude Sonnet 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic78.982579694
3GPT-6.1 Sol (high)OpenAI78.1825310093
4GPT-6 Sol (high)OpenAI77.8805610091
5Claude Opus 5 (high)Anthropic77.481539593
6GPT-5.6 Sol (high)OpenAI75.575589593
7Claude Haiku 5.5 (xhigh)Anthropic75.177529792
8Claude Opus 4.8 (high)Anthropic74.075509893
9Claude Sonnet 5 (high)Anthropic73.276479691
10Claude Opus 4.7 (high)Anthropic72.874479893
11GPT-5.6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72.872529991
12GPT-6 Luna (xhigh)OpenAI72.372509891
13GPT-5.6 Luna (high)OpenAI72.171519991
14GPT-6 Luna (high)OpenAI72.070539892
15GPT-5.6 Terra (high)OpenAI71.569549592
16GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)OpenAI69.167479991
17GPT-5.6 Luna (low)OpenAI65.962509090
18GPT-6 Luna (medium)OpenAI64.659509290
19GPT-6 Luna (low)OpenAI56.445488589
20Claude Haiku 4.5 (Reasoning)Anthropic53.148347689

Not yet ranked (every reasoning level)

Ranked once every group is complete. Sorted by the Text only index.

Geospatial Intelligence Index: not yet ranked (every reasoning level)
ModelDeveloperText only indexAgent tasks (4/8)Vision (2/8)Guided workflows (1/8)Geospatial knowledge (1/8)
Claude Opus 5.5 (high)Anthropic87.4Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)5910095
GPT-6.1 Sol (medium)OpenAI86.4Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)5510092
GPT-6.1 Sol (xhigh)OpenAI86.2Not run: Vision agents (4 of 64 tasks)569793
Claude Opus 5.5 (medium)Anthropic85.4Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)579694
Claude Sonnet 5.5 (high)Anthropic84.3Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)599994
Claude Haiku 5.5 (high)Anthropic81.0Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)479192
Claude Haiku 5.5 (medium)Anthropic79.2Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)459492
Claude Sonnet 5.5 (medium)Anthropic78.9Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)569693
Kimi K3 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AI78.6Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)489292
GLM-5.3-Flash (low) Open weightsZ.ai71.1Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run: 14 of 136 questions9485
GLM-5.3-Flash (max) Open weightsZ.ai71.0Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Incomplete: 14 of 136 questions rejected by the provider8492
Gemma 4 26B A4B (Reasoning) Open weightsGoogle64.4Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)437589
Mistral Large 3 (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AI44.5Not run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run4789
GPT-6 Sol (medium)OpenAINot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (44 of 117 tasks); GeoBenchX (134 of 150 tasks); GS-QA2 (53 of 221 tasks); Vision agents (42 of 64 tasks)Not runNot run: GeoAgentBench (21 of 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)Not run
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (high)AnthropicNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run98Not run: 845 of 1,685 questions
GPT-5.6 Sol (medium)OpenAINot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (all 117 tasks); GeoBenchX (all 150 tasks); GS-QA2 (202 of 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not runNot run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)Not run
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite (high)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GeoBenchX (2 of 150 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not runNot run: GeoAgentBench (2 of 50 tasks)Not run
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite (low)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run58Not run
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite (minimal)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run42Not run
Gemini 3.1 Pro (preview) (high)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run90Not run
Gemini 3.1 Pro (preview) (low)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run81Not run
Gemini 3.8 Flash (high)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run53Not run
Gemini 3.8 Flash (low)GoogleNot yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run94Not run
Kimi K2.6 (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AINot yet rankedNot run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)44Not run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)92
Kimi K2.7 Code (Reasoning) Open weightsMoonshot AINot yet rankedNot run: Vision agents (all 64 tasks)44Not run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)92
Mistral Small 3.1 24B (Non-reasoning) Open weightsMistral AINot yet rankedNo agent entry33No agent entry82
Qwen 3.8 27B (xhigh) Open weightsAlibaba (Qwen)Not yet rankedNot run: Earth-Bench V2 (90 of 117 tasks); GeoBenchX (all 150 tasks); GS-QA2 (all 221 tasks); Vision agents (all 64 tasks)Not run: 8 of 136 questionsNot run: GeoAgentBench (2 of 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (14 of 19 tasks)91
gpt-oss-120b (high) Open weights (No image input)OpenAINot yet ranked43No image inputNot run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)90
gpt-oss-20b (high) Open weights (No image input)OpenAINot yet ranked9No image inputNot run: GeoAgentBench (all 50 tasks); GeoAnalystBench (all 19 tasks)85

Frequently asked questions

What is the Geospatial Intelligence Index?
It asks which AI model is best at geospatial (GIS and Earth observation) work overall. It is a weighted average of four groups: Agent tasks 4/8, Vision 2/8, Guided workflows 1/8, Geospatial knowledge 1/8. Each model is shown once, at its highest ranked reasoning level; the leaderboard lists every level.
How is it different from the Geospatial Agent Index?
The Geospatial Agent Index compares entries: one model in one harness at one reasoning level. The Intelligence Index scores each model once, in its developer's own harness where we run one, otherwise Terminus-2. See the Geospatial Agent Index.
What are the Text only and Text + vision views?
Text only leaves out the image evaluations and ranks every model. Text + vision is the full index. A model that cannot take images is never given 0; it is ranked in Text only.
Why are some models not yet ranked?
A model is ranked once every group is complete: an attempt on every task, and the knowledge and image questions scored. Until then it is listed under "Not yet ranked" with what is still to run.